The greatest nurses of the First World War: Inspirational women who overcame fear and prejudice to save thousands of lives
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•Each of these courageous women, though patriots of different countries, were ultimately devoted to the true calling of nursing - saving human life
By Jill Reilly
PUBLISHED: 11:19, 11 January 2013 | UPDATED: 15:22, 11 January 2013
They overcame insurmountable odds, endured gender-based prejudice, and helped a constant barrage of wounded soldiers under enemy fire.
Each of these courageous women, though patriots of different countries, were ultimately devoted to the true calling of nursing- saving human life.
Some stood firmly at their posts while bombs exploded around them, while other did it through administration and coordination.
One of them was even executed by a German firing squad after being caught helping allied troops.
Here are just some of the inspirational women that bravely offered their services during War War One...
The 'Sacred Twenty': The first women to formally serve as members of U.S. Navy
The Sacred Twenty: In May 1908 Congress authorized the establishment of a female Nurse Corps within the United States Navy after several years' advocacy by the Chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
In May 1908 Congress authorized the establishment of a female Nurse Corps within the United States Navy after several years' advocacy by the Chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery.
By October, twenty women had been appointed to the Corps and were preparing for their initial assignments at several naval hospitals.
These nurses, who came to be called 'The Sacred Twenty', were the first women to formally serve as members of the Navy.
The navy did not provide room or board for them, and so the nurses - being a determined lot - rented their own house and provided their own meals.
This would be just the first of many obstacles they would overcome on their compassionate march for service equality.
The Nurse Corps gradually expanded to 160 on the eve of World War One.
Sharing a love of motorbike, two nurses who set up their own illegal dressing station: Mairi Chisholm and Elsie Knocker
Determined: Mairi Chisholm and Elsie Knocker set up their own illegal dressing station after discouraged by the number of men they were losing in the Flying Ambulance Corps in Belgium
Mairi Chisholm was a Scottish motorbike fanatic whose penchant for hairpin turns won her an invitation to join the Flying Ambulance Corps in Belgium.
She and her biker-friend Elsie Knocker joined forces and were soon doing vital wartime work, ferrying wounded soldiers to a field hospital in Furnes.
Mairi was also tasked with taking mutilated corpses to the mortuary.
Yet, discouraged by the number of men they were losing, Mairi and Elsie decided to leave the Corps.
They found an abandoned cellar in Pervyse and set up their own illegal dressing station, just 100 yards from the trenches.
With no affiliation to the Belgian Red Cross, they had to find their own supplies and support.
Fortunately, Mairi and Elsie managed to be seconded to the Belgian troops stationed nearby.
Together, they saved the lives of thousands of men on the Belgian Western Front - men who would have no doubt died on their way to the Corps hospital. Mairi was awarded the Belgian Order.
Death by firing squad for helping wounded allied soldiers: Edith Cavell
Killed: Edith Cavell was shot by an execution squad for helping soldiers
Edith Cavell was a British nurse famous for treating countless soldiers, no matter their nationality, and helping as many as 200 Allied soldiers escape from German-occupied Belgium during World War One.
When Brussels fell to the Germans in November 1914, Cavell walked away from her British Secret Intelligence Service recruitment to hide wounded Allied soldiers and sneak them out of the country to safety.
The soldiers were given fake identification and hidden until they could make it to the Dutch frontier.
In August 1915, Edith was betrayed by German collaborator Gaston Quien.
German soldiers arrested Edith for treason and subjected her to a court-martial.
Cavell admitted that she had personally harbored about 175 men in her home and helped them to escape.
Her actions went directly against German military law.
Despite international pressure for mercy, she was sentenced to death and executed by a 16-man German firing squad on October 12, 1915.
Edith Cavell's remains were brought back to Britain after the war, and she had a memorial service in Westminster Abbey on 15 May 1919.
Abandoning a life of privilege to help the sick: Dorothie Feilding
Swapping life: Dorothie Feilding abandoned a life of privilege to help soldiers and became an ambulance driver with a volunteer unit stationed in Belgium
Dorothie Feilding was born into a rich, aristocratic family in Warwickshire, England.
She was presented to the King and Queen of England when she was 18 years old.
But fielding shunned her entitled upbringing and jumped into the war effort with both feet.
She became an ambulance driver with a volunteer unit stationed in Belgium.
And the Western Front soon provided its own challenges, from driving under enemy fire, to dealing with inconvenient marriage proposals and lice.
Feilding was easy-going and charismatic, even hosting tea parties amongst the ruins of Furnes.
Her bravery earned her a French Croix de guerre (bronze star), a Belgian Order of Leopold II Knights Cross, and the English Military Medal for Bravery.
This last honor was presented to her by King George V at Windsor Castle.
Only awarded for her services post-humorously: Linnie Leckrone
Honoured: Linnie Leckrone was part of a small gas and shock team who worked tirelessly in France during the war
Linnie Leckrone was one of the unsung heroes of World War One.
She was part of a small gas and shock team who worked tirelessly in France during the war.
Despite displaying extraordinary bravery caring for the wounded in the face of a tooth-rattling artillery attack, her return home went unmarked.
There was no parade and no welcome-home ceremony.
Although Leckrone was going to be awarded a Citation Star for her efforts, she was discharged from the army before it was formally presented.
Her courageous service was finally recognized posthumously in 2007, when her daughter Mary Jane Bolles Reed accepted a Silver Star in her place.
The Silver Star is the third-highest award for bravery granted by the U.S. military, and Linnie Leckrone was one of the first three women to receive it.
First woman to be awarded the rank of major in the U.S. army: Julia C. Stimson
Two wars seen: Julia C. Stimson was continued to work as a nurse after the war and was a key recruiter of female nurses for World War Two
Julia C. Stimson has been described as energetic, charismatic, courageous, and determined; and she needed to be to make a difference during the Great War.
Her passion and devotion to excellence were evident at an early age, as she was one of the few young women of her day to get an undergraduate degree.
Julia earned a place at Vassar College at the incredibly young age of 16.
Her career path eventually led her to the Army Nurse Corps, and in May 1917 she went to France with Base Hospital 21.
By 1918, she'd been made chief nurse of the American Red Cross in France.
From there, she was pulled back from the front-line to fill a vital administrative role in Paris, orchestrating the nursing service of the American Expeditionary Forces.
Through her efforts, thousands of wounded soldiers received good medical care.
And as a result, she was awarded the United States Distinguished Service Medal at the end of the war.
She continued to work as a nurse after the war and was a key recruiter of female nurses for WWII.
She was also the first woman to be awarded the rank of major in the U.S. army.
Elsa Brandstrom
'The Angel of Siberia':Elsa Brandstrom
Elsa Brandstrom was nicknamed 'the Angel of Siberia' for good reason.
She was the daughter of the Swedish ambassador to Tsar Nicholas II and was in Russia during the outbreak of WWI.
Determined to help, she volunteered and put her nursing skills to use with the Russian army.
In 1915, Brandstrom was in Siberia treating German prisoners of war with the Swedish Red Cross.
Matters got more complicated when her Russian work permit was revoked, but that didn't stop her.
Brandstrom continued traveling to Siberia illegally for two whole years, until the Russian authorities arrested her in Omsk in 1920.
Upon her release, she went back to Sweden and launched a campaign to help POWs.
Her efforts included fundraising and founding a children's home with room for more than 200 orphans.
Eventually, she married and moved to the United States.
But even there she dedicated herself to helping German and Austrian refugees.
A dedicated nurse and reporter for the BBC:Florence Farmborough
Double life: Florence Farmborough was not only a dedicated nurse but also worked as a reporter for The Times and BBC Radio
Florence Farmborough was a woman of many talents and she put them to good use during the war.
She left Britain for Russia in 1908 and worked as a governess for a family in Kiev. Later, she worked as an English teacher, tutoring the daughters of an accomplished heart surgeon.
But when war broke out, she joined the Imperial Russian army as a Red Cross nurse.
Farmborough tended to the wounded on the Galician and Romanian fronts. And in the midst of the madness and ravages of war, she was not only a dedicated nurse but also worked as a reporter for The Times and BBC Radio.
Remembered: Lenah Higbee had a ship named after her when she died
First nurse to join the U.S. Navy Nurse Corps: Lenah Higbee
Lenah Higbee was one of the first nurses to join the U.S. Navy Nurse Corps when it was established in 1908.
This move required sacrifice and perseverance, as many members of the Navy considered female nurses unwelcome pariahs, indeed, they were not even given rank.
But Lenah Higbee was determined and gave navy nursing her all.
Her hard work was noted and she was quickly appointed Chief Nurse.
A few years later, she was promoted to Superintendent of the Nurse Corps - she was only the second woman to hold the position.
Higbee was the first female to be awarded the Navy Cross, for her unusual and conspicuous devotion to duty during War War Two.
And after her death, a naval combat ship was named USS Higbee in her honor.
It was the first time a naval vessel had been named after a female service member.